What is the difference among a phrase, sentence independent and dependent clauses?

What is the difference among a phrase, sentence independent and dependent clauses?

A group of words that does not have a subject- verb combination is called a phrase. Here, absence of subject- verb combination is vital. A phrase can have a subject or a verb, but it won't have both simultaneously.

Let's take some examples:

1. The brown dog.                                       ( An adjective phrase)
2. On the table.                                            ( A prepositional phrase)
3. Has been a strong guy.                          ( A verb phrase)
4. Very beautiful.                                         ( An adverbial phrase)
5. Smoking a cigarette.                               ( A gerund phrase)
6. To look at the sky.                                   ( An infinitive phrase)
7. A broken car.                                            ( A participle phrase)

Note, In phrase the subject and action verb never come together

A clause

A group of words that has a subject- verb combination is known as a clause. Here, the presence of subject- verb combination is important. If it doesn't have a subject- verb combination, it jumps into the category of phrases, hence, will not be called a clause anymore.

Let's go through some examples for better understanding.

1. She has a dog.
2. I love making pizza.

Now, let's talk about the categories of clauses. Clauses, majority are segregated into two categories: 1. Independent clause 2. Dependent clause

An Independent clause

An independent clause is a group of words that can stand alone and gives a complete idea on its own. An independent clause is a sentence.

Let's go through some examples.

Examples:

1. I love pizzas.
2. He's a man of his words.
3. Julie never lies to me.
4. We are going to Australia next week.

Note, an independent clause is a sentence.

A dependent clause

A dependent clause is a group of words that cannot stand alone on its own and depends on some other parts to render a complete idea or meaning. A dependent clause doesn't have the capability to become a sentence. It uses subordinating conjunctions in them.

Examples:

1.      Since it was Sunday.

2.    As if i was stealing the mobile phone.

3.    Even if I fail the examination.

4.    Because Max wanted to marry Rita.

Examples:

1. Because I woke up late this morning…             (what happened?)
2. When we arrived in class…                              (what occurred?)
3. If my neighbor does not pay his rent on time… (what will happen?)

Dependent clauses raise doubts in the mind of the readers. They can only render a comprehensive idea if brought together with independent clauses. Let's go through these examples one more time after conjugating them up with independent clauses.

1. I didn't go to college since it was Sunday.
2. They caught me as if I was stealing the mobile phone.
3. My father will beat the hell out of me if I fail the examination.

  

A Sentence

A sentence is a group words that give a complete meaning on its own. It is also known as an independent clause.

Examples:

1. I love making people laugh.
2. You work hard.
3. This is my dog.

Summary:

1.      Every sentence is a clause, but every clause isn't a sentence. For a clause to be called a sentence, it has to be an independent clause.

2.    A dependent clause isn't a sentence.

3.    An independent clause is a sentence.

4.    Both sentences and clauses have many phrases in them.

5.     I hope that it helps to understand the difference between them

difference between transcription and translation

Transcription is the process of listening to the audio file and writing what has been said down verbatim in the same language that the original speakers used. A translation is the process of taking that written text and translating it into another language.

So, in your case, we’d first transcribe what the Spanish speakers said into to a Spanish written document which could be read by your Spanish colleagues. We would then translate that document into English for use by your English-speaking colleagues. In this way both sets of colleagues will be able to read the document in their native languages.

We always use native speakers working into their mother tongue transcribing and translating so that you get the very best quality. ThisTranscription is the process of listening to the audio file and writing what has been said down verbatim in the same language that the original speakers used. A translation is the process of taking that written text and translating it into another language.

So, in your case, we’d first transcribe what the Spanish speakers said into to a Spanish written document which could be read by your Spanish colleagues. We would then translate that document into English for use by your English-speaking colleagues. In this way both sets of colleagues will be able to read the document in their native languages.

We always use native speakers working into their mother tongue transcribing and translating so that you get the very best quality. This 

difference between citation and reference

Citation

A specific source that you mention in the body of your paper. The format of the citation may change depending on the style you use (e.g. MLA and APA) and the way that you weave the citation into your writing, but the basic elements of the citation that you need to include are:

·         Name of the author(s)

·         Year of publication

·         Page number

If you quote a source directly you must include the exact page number in your citation or it is incomplete.

References

This is a list of the the sources you have cited. The references come at the end of your paper. In APA style, this is not a list of “works consulted”. Every source that is listed in your references also needs to be cited in the body of your paper.

Every source listed in your references should be accessible by others who read your work. Think of it as a trail of breadcrumbs that you leave for readers to show them where they can go to find the original source material for themselves.

In APA style, not all work that is cited necessarily goes into the references. For example, personal communications get cited in the body of your paper, to show the reader that you have a source for your information. But if the reader can not track that source as a primary document (because, for example, the information is contained within a private e-mail between you and someone else), then it does not go into the reference list.

Alert! It is not very common that sources are cited but not referenced. Use sources such as personal communications sparingly, if at all. The more credible sources you have in your references, the better quality your work will be perceived as having.

In general, there should be an exact match between the sources you cite in the body of your paper and those that appear in your references.

The actual books, articles and other materials you consult are called your sources of information. You need to know how to cite and reference all your sources correctly.

Now you know one of the subtle differences of of terms used in scholarship that sets apart the experts from the rookies. When you use the terms correctly, those who know will quietly nod their head and accept you a member of the scholarly community.

analytical assignment by Sir Dr Suhail Ansari

Assignment for the Departments of English & Media Studies by Prof Dr Sohail Ansari

October 30, 2018

Assignment: Learn How to Exist.

When articles  appropriately becomes a tutorial or starting point for interesting debates, rather than the definitive reference to be assimilated uncritically, you start to exist as you have learnt  to use the analysis of yours to orientate yourself.

The analysis cannot be yours unless you have clear thinking. Clear thinking is the power to recognize and analyze questions and statements or in other words reasoning that is logically fallacious.

 A perception that harnesses the power of clear thinking is not dictated by reasoning proceeds from the contested assertion or from undisputed truth to an unguaranteed conclusion.

Be best equipped for an assignment.

You are tasked with following analysis so to live up to exercise.

Study some of the best critical thinkers on the planet. From looking at what people like Carl Sagan, Charlie Munger, Richard Feynman, Ray Dalio and many more create a map called “The Art of Decision-Making” that captures the core principles of clear thinking.

Study two methods of reasoning: deductive, inductive to understand reasoning as the process of using existing knowledge to draw conclusions, make predictions, or construct explanations in order to develop the power to recognize reasoning clouded by uncritically accepted assumptions, facts, hopes, fears, biases and prejudices.

 Study abductive reasoning that is characterized by lack of completeness to learn how to make the best guess based on what you know hence be creative, intuitive, even revolutionary for a creative leap of imagination and visualization that scarcely seemed warranted by the mere observation.

Analyze examples self-defeating statements such as "God told me He doesn't exist’’ or the title ‘I Don't Have Enough Faith to Be an Atheist’ for the violation of the law of non-contradiction.

Analyze examples of self-refuting nature of statements such as ‘There is no truth’ or meaning that one cannot deny truth without affirming it

Analyze examples of how to reject one for one: because of ‘Internal Contradiction’ or a “self-contradiction,” occurring when conclusion is opposite the conclusion that is best supported by the given premises. In other words, provided evidence literally contradicts the very conclusion arguments then draw.

Analyze examples the inconsistency that is contained within the statement itself; and doesn’t require any other premises or arguments thus it is both an internal inconsistency and a logical inconsistency.  

 Analyze examples of quotes such as from Yogi Berra "I never said most of the things I said."  Or" Nobody goes there anymore.  It's too crowded."

Exercise below functions as a litmus test; testing your ability for clear thinking.

Create the “map” for crystal clear thinking

Read the summary of Hadith Rejecters' Claims to know when expressions of misplaced confidence in one’s own knowledge, misguided emotions, prejudices and deliberate untruths are masked as impartially balanced opinions should serve as a warning to clear-thinking

The maintenance of bond between the prophet (P.B.U.H) and Muslims throughout the lifespan of Ummah is critical to the survival of Islam. Analyze all notions of contemporary assaults as the extensions of undercuts. Choose any passage or articles aim at breaking out the bonds and permanently alter and place them in flux

 De-conflate the issue with the person to keep things in perspective or lend a fresh perspective to the subject.

Analyze an article authored by an Indian or Israeli analyzing the underlying reasons for unrest in Kashmir or Philistine. De-conflate the issue with an author to understand the biases those prejudice an author against or in favor of something.

Analyze an article authored by any prominent secular writer about Pakistan as a secular state for deliberate untruths masked as impartially balanced opinions

Analyze any article clouded by uncritically accepted assumptions, facts, hopes, fears, biases and prejudices to underline the difference if reasoning were unclouded. 

Read any passage or any article to recognize reasoning clouded by uncritically accepted assumptions, facts, hopes, fears, biases and prejudices.

Read any passage or any article to recognize reasoning that begins with an incomplete set of observations and does not proceed to the likeliest possible explanation. Reasoning that does not yield decision-making because it fails to realize the existence of unadmitted additional evidence.

examples of metaphors

·     Absolute Metaphors - These metaphors compare two things that have no obvious connection, in order to make a striking point. For example, "She is doing a tightrope walk with her grades this semester."

·         Dead Metaphors - Like clichés, these metaphors have lost their punch through over-usage. For example, "You light up my life."

·         Implied Metaphors - These metaphors compare two things without using specific terms. For example, "Spending too much time with him is worse than swimming in a sea of sharks."

·         Mixed Metaphors - These metaphors jumble comparisons together, often without any logic. For example, "In the heat of the moment, she turned to ice and danced to the beat of her own drum."

·         Root Metaphors - These metaphors are so rooted in everyday language and assumptions, we hardly even recognize them as metaphors. You could liken them to dead metaphors or clichés, due to their over usage. For example, "Life is a journey."

Ready to have some fun? Here are 20 metaphor examples:

·         "I'm drowning in a sea of grief."
Here grief is so overwhelming that the person feels helpless, like they're being pulled underwater.

·         "She was fishing for compliments."
The woman isn't literally casting a lure to hook compliments out of the ocean. Rather, it's a dead metaphor used to signify a desire for accolades.

·         "Success is a sense of achievement; it is not an illegitimate child."
This saying reinforces the belief that everyone wants to take credit for success, but no one wants to take responsibility for their failings.

·         "He broke my heart."
Your heart isn't literally broken; you're just feeling hurt and sad.

·         "You light up my life."
Of course, no one can provide physical light. This expression is simply saying that someone brings them joy.

·         "It's raining men."
Hallelujah! No, men don't literally pour from the sky. This simply indicates that a lucky lady has a lot of male suitors.

·         "Time is a thief."
Fortunately, time doesn't put on a ski mask and lurk around dark corners. This metaphor illustrates the point that time seems to pass quickly and our lives flash by.

·         "He is the apple of my eye."
There is, of course, no apple in someone's eye. The apple is someone held dear.

·         "She has such a bubbly personality."
No one's personality can bubble up like a glass of champagne. This metaphor is used to signify someone who's especially cheerful.

·         "I'm feeling blue."
Until we become like the little girl in Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory, none of us are likely to turn as blue as a blueberry. This metaphor means someone is sad.

·         "I think he's about to fade off to sleep."
Fortunately, none of us fade into thin air when we fall asleep. This expression simply means that someone has drifted into a state of slumber.

·         "He really flared up my temper."
When someone flares up your temper, flames don't spew out of your body, you're just deeply angry.

·         "He reeks of infidelity."
When this is said about a cheating partner, it doesn't mean there's an actual odor. This metaphor is saying it's obvious the person is a liar and a cheat.

·         "She's going through a rollercoaster of emotions."
Our emotions can't take a ride on a rollercoaster. This metaphor simply means the person's going through a lot of different moods.

·         "I feel the stench of failure coming on."
Failure isn't fun but it doesn't smell. So, when this metaphor is used, it means one of life's disappointments is on the way.

·         "This is the icing on the cake."
While cake is always welcome, cake with icing is even better. This means something wonderful has happened on the heels of a happy day.

·         "Hope is on the horizon."
Hope is an intangible thing that doesn't bob along the horizon. This metaphor indicates good things are in one's future.

·         "Life contains nothing but clear skies up ahead."
This metaphor refers to a life devoid of disaster and heartache.

·         "His words cut deeper than a knife."
Words don't materialize into sharp objects. In this metaphor, someone has said something hurtful to another.

·         "The moonlight sparkled brighter than a gypsy."
The moonlight didn't transform into a colorful gypsy. Rather, it lit up the night with sparkling radiance.

Common Speech Examples of Metaphors

Most of us think of a metaphor as a device used in songs or poems only, and that it has nothing to do with our everyday life. In fact, all of us in our routine life speak, write, and think in metaphors. We cannot avoid them. Metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common language, and they are called “conventional metaphors.”

In simple English, when you portray a person, place, thing, or an action as being something else, even though it is not actually that “something else,” you are speaking metaphorically. For example, thephrase, “My brother is the black sheep of the family,” is a metaphor because he is not a sheep, nor is he black. However, we can use this comparison to describe an association of a black sheep with that person. A black sheep is an unusual animal, which 

·         Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

·         He saw the soul of dust when passing through the dust storm.

·         Words are daggers when spoken in anger.

·         His words are pearls of wisdom.

Purpose of Metaphors

Do you see how metaphors tend to pair the intangible with the literal? When used properly, metaphors create strong images and leave lasting impressions: "He was sad" is so bland compared to "He was drowning in a sea of grief."

Likewise, metaphors allow us to have a greater impact on the readers. With them, we can convey a thought more forcefully than with an ordinary statement. And, even though metaphors are exaggerations, they're only exaggerated to paint a vivid picture or make a profound statement.

Metaphors lend themselves particularly well to poetry because they have the ability to paint pictures in the reader's mind.